2 
   2021
  
 ()
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.       
2.     :
(i) 
(ii) 
-
3.         '  
4.        
-
5.           
6.         
2 
-
7.   '  
8. 
        ?
   2021
  
 ()
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.       
:   :  
-:     
                
    '    :
1,00,000
        :
100,000
2 
             ,     
         
   
 , " 
        ,        "
      " 
      
 ?"  
    , "      -        
 ,           
"
,       --,      

    ?
             ' , , 
                
        :
 (1,000)
(1,00,000)
 (1,00,00,000)
 (1,00,00,00,000)
 :
,  
     
,  
       
:
 ( )
 
 
1000
1,000
1,000
100000
1,00,000 (1 )
100,000 ( 100 )
10000000
1,00,00,000 (1 )
10,000,000 ( )
            
 
   
1.     
2 
  ,  
          
                  ,
   :
"    75 "
"  2     "
         
2.    
      ,           
         ""  ""   

  ₹3   ₹30      
3.     
  (3,2,2,...)         
1,25,43,210  "1  25 43  210"    ,    
        
4.   
             
 
 
     
 -           
5.      
   ,          
      
 
: "       ₹1.5 "    
    
    
1.   '   
         ,   (, 
   )  
  ,  ,         
2 
2.      
  -    , 
 ,   -   
      -      ,   
       
 ,    ₹10,00,000 ₹1,000,000    
3.    
                
  
:   "  24   "  ,    
    ₹2.4    $30,000 
4.       
     ,    '       
        
              
  
,  10   1 × 10⁷ 
5.      
                 
    ₹1,00,00,000        ₹1  (10 ) ,
     ₹10  (1 )      
     
           '  

   :   
          
     '
       ,            
            ₹2,50,000 
   , "      !"
              250,000    , 
 ₹2.5 ( $4,000 AUD)
                
 
2 
:   
   ,  ,        
 
    
          
 
             ,   
       -   ,    

2.     :
(i) 
(ii) 
:             -   
 -        
        

,          ,    
    ,     ,    
           '  ,   

________________________________________
(i)  -      
   
19
           
     ,       ,    
  ,  ,        ,   
     ,  ,   -    
  
  
     18
 19
    ,   '   
           
,   ,  
              
        - 
2 
 ,   ( )         
            
  
      ,     
        ,       
     ,   ,      
  
               
:
      
 (  )
 ()      
  ,       
    ,       '   ,  
           
  

  
    '     ,      

 :
 ()    
  , ,    ,      
 , ,       '  
  
  '   :
1.    ( ) -    ;    
2.   -     
   
2 
             
   
, ,                
             

(ii)  -    - 
,    -             
   ,         - , 
    
  ?
     "  "  " " (   :  = ,  =  ) 
    (  )      ,    
 -        
   
       ,        :
1. -     
2. – '  '     
3.            
4.   - /          

            ,   
             
 
  
  18
 19
     ,    
             ,   
'        -  '    

        
,           
  ,        
  
         ( ) '  
        ,       
 
2 
 -       ,    
   
   '             

     
       :
: “    …”
  : " ,  ..."
    :"    ..."
     : 
  …”
            ,     
:   
               ,  
   
 ,    ,     
    
     
 
 ,    ,      ,   
  
 
  ,  
            -   
   
,  ,      
-
3.         '  
:   ,               
 ,      -         
          ,     "  " 
   
2 
             
     
      ,    ,   
           
    '   
     
 :       
    23  1929  (      ,    )
               
          '   
        
-     
  ,             
 ,           ,    
                  
,            
 :      
1943 ,     13   ,         
                
 " '   "         ,   
      
 , 1947              
   ,     
  ,       
            
  
             
         ,     
 
  
 :
   ( , )

      
,     
2 
        ,     "  " 
             "" 
-                
 
    
-       ,    
           
  
  
     
          
   , ,   
        ,      
     
  -          
 ,      
 ,          
   
        '        
,           
  
                
   ,    :
  (  )
      
               
           
  -      -  ( ),   ,    
       
   
-   ,        - 
                

2 
    , "      
       
,       "
     ,         '   
                   -
 '             
  
       
        
 ,    :
2006    (       )
    
-       
           ,     ,
       
    
   ,       
     
  ,    
 ,     
 15  2006     ,        
                     
  
,          
       ,
  ,          
:     

                  
  ,     ,     
   
  
,     , ,     ,  
 -   '    
            
 -   ,  
     
2 
     " " ,       "   " , 
 
   -        

4.        
:   :    
  
-    -       ,    
 
 ,    ',
         
 
     , ,       

         
;        
, ,     
       ,    
               
    
󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃   
               
 ,     ,          
""        ,   ,       
         ,     ,      
  ,     ,        
    '   '          
     ,       
     ,
  ,      
󼮖󼮗󼮘󼮙󼮚󼮛󼮜󼮝󼮞󼮟󼮠󼮑󼮒󼮓󼮔󼮕   
       ,          
               :
1. 
 , -  ,           , 
           
2. 
 -               
       ,        ' 
 
2 
3. 
                
             
4. 
                  ,
                 
 
5. 
    ,    '          
 
      ,       
   ,  
   
󹢊󹢋󹢌󹢍󹢎󹢏󹢐󹢑󹢒󹢓󹢔󹢕󹢖󹢗󹢘󹢙󹢚󹢛󹢜󹢝󹢞󹢟   
        '        
 
       :
1. 
 ,           ,    (
)    ()      -    ,  ,
 ,       
     
2. 
          '       
  -    ,   -     
 
3. 
         ,    '   
                   
           '   
4.   
               
  ,              ,
,           
2 
5.  ()
         
      
,       
6. 
                 
                  
          
7.    
       ,      ,    
                  
        
󷉥󷉦     
             
    :
  - '  '   ,        

  -         
  -   -    
 ,    
     
  - '' ( )      
  
󷆫󷆪   
,             , 
        ,        
        ,      
     ,   ,      ,
 ,     ,       -    
   
2 
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
  
       ,       
   
 :
 :   , -  -   
 :         ,  
 
 :     
,  ,   
    
  :   ,  ,  ,    , 
         
󷖤󷖢󷖣 
        
 -        ,
            
      
    
          
   
       ,   
   
  ,
   ,      
-
5.           
:         :    

             ,     
    
          ,     
                
    
 ,        ,    , 
    ( )   ()        
2 
󷘗󷘘󷘙  ? -    
    ,     '       
         
      :
 ( )    
 ()   
  ()   ()       
 ,         
              ,    
  
󼮮󼮯󼮰   -
   12-       '       
 ,   ,           
  ,          
 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷   
  ( ): 12
 (): 6 (  2  )
 (): , 
 
 '
 (): 7
 '
 ( ):  1
󷶥󷶦󷶧󷶨󷶩󷶪󷶫󷶬󷶭󷶮󷶯󷶰󷶱󷶲󷶳- :

1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
  
󷶥󷶦󷶧󷶨󷶩󷶪󷶫󷶬󷶭󷶮󷶯󷶰󷶱󷶲󷶳( 1)
󷶥󷶦󷶧󷶨󷶩󷶪󷶫󷶬󷶭󷶮󷶯󷶰󷶱󷶲󷶳( 2)
󽄒󽄓󽄔󽄕󽄖󽄗󽄘󽄙󽄚()
󷶥󷶦󷶧󷶨󷶩󷶪󷶫󷶬󷶭󷶮󷶯󷶰󷶱󷶲󷶳( 3)
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍    ( )
     '    ,      
,      
2 
󷘖  -  (/ ):

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12













  :
    |   |   |   |   ||
         ,        
  
󷅑  ?
,     ,           - 
  '   
 ( ):    -  
 ( ):    -   
   ,        
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍    ( )
 ,   2    
   12  ,
     24  () 
󷘖   :

 (2  )
1
 
2


3


4
 
5
 
6
 
7


2 

 (2  )
8


9
 
10
 
11


12


   (  ):
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  |   ||
 12-     ,  ,    
 
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷    -   
  
     ,      12   
  2  (),   :
 1-2:
 
  -     ( )
 3-4:     
 5-6:   -  ,   
 7-8:  () -    ,     
 9-10: -   
 11-12:    ,      
  
  ,     
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒   
?
   ,         
  
    
          ,   ,
    
              
    
2 
    ,        
󷖤󷖢󷖣     ?
   '     :
 ( ):       
  :      
- :       
     (     
)
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀   
 
      :
1.          
2. -  ( )      
3.            
4.           -     
  
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍
    12     -           -
              
 ,  
         
       
  ,  ,        
    -           
        
    
6.         
:󷘖   -   
              ,   
    -         '   
2 
       - , ,   -   ,
   
     ,      , ,     
         
;   ,  ,    
󷘺󷘻󷘼    
      ,       


 (-  )

 ( )
  (  5 ,   7)
  
 ( 9     )
 ( )
 ()
 (  )
()
/ ( )
, , 
󷘗󷘘󷘙     
    ,     ,         
        ()   '       
  
 ,         ()   
            
      ,           , 
                    
 -        ,  ,     

󷘖    - 
      '           
  
()   ()    
 ,      
  
2 
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔 ( ):
  ()  '
, ()     ,             
,      
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔 ( ):
' 
   Ga  Ma      ,  P  Ga     

󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔 :
 (  )    
       
   : M (T) DN S' – S' NDPMPGMR S.
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 (  ):
 ' - '  - 
  (   )          
      
󷖤󷖢󷖣 ():
        :
 ,               
 ,         ,   P, G, M, R, 
   
         
 
󼮖󼮗󼮘󼮙󼮚󼮛󼮜󼮝󼮞󼮟󼮠󼮑󼮒󼮓󼮔󼮕  () :
             :
    ,
    "
2 
**
**    ,            
           
 
󷘗󷘘󷘙**    **
****               ,  
      ( )      ,     '
   
   '    ,  ****    :
### **󷘖 1 (    ):**
  ' - '     -  
  ****      **    **     
   
       
### **󷘖 2 (   ):**
MPGMRS – RGMPDN S’S’ NDPMPG – GMRS
 ****   ( )   ,   **PGMR**    
       
 ,          

󷖮󷖯󷖰󷖱󷖲**     **
1. **-**  -    
2. ****   -           
3. **** -           
4. -      **  ** 
5. **  **  Pt.   ,  ,  .     
 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨**   
?**
       
  **   **      
    
             , 
          
2 
-   ** **     
- ** (  )**       
- **    **     
-      ** **   
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 
 , ** **  ,     ,    
  ****,    ,     ,    
,            
       '   ,       
       
,  ** ,   **  
 
-
7.   '  
: -:  
  
  
-       ,     - 
         ,        
     ,           
          
;           
          ,      
   -    ,     
   ?
    
     ,   ,    
  , ,               
                  
       ,        ,  
           :
  , ,      
   ,       
  ,         
2 
   ,           
 
  :    
          ,    
       , , ,      
               
   
-  ,      
        
  ,            
  ,              
       
-   ,           
,  ,
 ,           ,  
,
,               ,  
  
     
               :
:        ,       
:   ,     --    , 
  
:  (    )      
      
:  ,    '        ,   
    
:       
:        ,       
 
     '        :



2 



 
   (      )
           ,      
          
     
1.  
              
     
 ,         -     
             
 
2.  
     '            
,                  
,         
3.  
                  
      ,    ,    ,
          
       
4.  
 , , ,           
 , , ,         ,    
    - 
5.   -
  
, , ,     -   
"  ..."       
          

2 
    
 ,             
    :
-           
        
 -            
     ,      
     
 -    ,   "    "   

 -             
   -              
  
   
,              ,
       ,         
    ,         
   
    ,           
  
 ,       ,     
  
:      
 ,       
 -        

                      
   
       
   ,    
    

-        , 
      
         -           

      -  ,      ,    
       
2 
8. 
        ?
:                ,   
              
   
    ,         ,      
        ,       
   
 , ",      ,        "
    "?    ?      

!"
  
    , "  ,     ,
       -   ,      
,       ,            "
      
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹   ?
              , ,
,               
           
  ,             
      ,      ,    
         
󷘖    
 ?
        
    ,   
               
?

       , ,  ,     

 
           :
1.      
2.     (   )
3.      
4.        
5. ,     
2 
   ,          
         
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
    (  )          
       ,          
                
:
   ( ,     
)
   (    ,  )
    (, ,    )
  (            )
               

󺃲󺃳󺃴󺃵   
,                :
1.   
         ,     
         
    ,   /  ,    '   
 
         
 
2.  -
       ,        
   
:

2 
  (, , )
   -- 
    :
   
  
  
3.    
      
  
           
   
  
    :
-     (--…)
-    
        
     
 
4.   
                    
   :
   
 
-    ' -  
  
          
5.  
                    
     ,     
   :
2 
  
/     
   
      
 
6.   
          
  
 :
        
 ,   
   
         
󼖻󼗓󼖽󼖾󼖿󼗊󼗋󼗌󼗠󼗡󼗢󼗄󼗃󼗣󼗤     
         
        
 
  '   
            
 

     
    
              
󷖤󷖢󷖣-     

   , ,   ,          ,
     
 
  ,   (  ' '' )       
   
2 
  ,   (--)         
  
             
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨   
            , 
   ( )        
               
      
                  
   
        -   ' 
  
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬  -      
    
       ,      
          
 ,      ,  
                     -
      ,        
           
      
,  , ,  ,     
        '  
 
   ,          
          
      -  
  
"               

       ,         "